Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar ( glucose ) levels, which result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose ( hyperglycemia ) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine , hence the term sweet urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas . Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

There are two major types of diabetes mellitus:

1. Iinsulin-dependent diabetes.
2. Non-insulin dependent diabetes.

Insulin Dependent Diabetes - Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease (a condition arising from and directed against a person's own tissues) in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Individuals with type 1 diabetes must take insulin throughout their lives to manage their condition. Type 1 diabetes usually occurs most often in children and young adults and it accounts for 5% to 10% of all diabetes cases.

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes - Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from the body's inability to make enough, or properly use, insulin. It occurs most frequently in people who are overweight, inactive, and older than 40 years of age (although the rates in children are rising). Most people with type 2 diabetes-about 60% to 70%-do not need to take insulin to manage their condition, however. For this reason, type 2 diabetes is also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Causes of Diabetes Mellitus

Insufficient production of insulin is the main cause of diabetes mellitus. Sometimes, improper use of insulin and production of defective insulin are also developing diabetes mellitus. This disease affected the fat tissues and muscle cells. Lack of insulin affecting the beta cells in pancreas.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

• Excessive urination.
• Excessive intake of water and food.
• Loss of bladder control in children after they had already been trained.
• Unintended weight loss over several days. .
• High levels of glucose in the blood and urine.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Abdominal pain or discomfort.
• Weakness and excessive fatigue.
• Increased susceptibility to infection, such as vaginitis and other yeast infections.
• Dehydration.
• Blurred vision.
• Irritability, restlessness, or apathy.

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is suspected based on symptoms. Urine tests and blood tests can be used to confirm a diagnose of diabetes based on the amount of glucose in the urine and blood. Urine tests can also detect ketones and protein in the urine which may help diagnose diabetes and assess how well the kidneys are functioning. These tests can also be used to monitor the disease once the patient is on a standardized diet, oral medications, or insulin.

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus will be treated with exercise, insulin, and diabetic diet. Sometimes oral medications are also used to control the blood sugars. Diabetes diet is effective to control blood sugar. Avoid large amount of sugar. Take only balanced diet and nutritious diet.

Prevention Tips of Diabetes Mellitus

The best ways to prevent Diabetes Mellitus is :

• Change in your behavior.
• Doing regularly exercise such as walking.
• Eat a balanced diet.
• Avoid sugar.